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In Nick Bostrom's 2003 paper "Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?", he presents the simulation argument, which posits that at least one of the following must be true: (1) almost all civilizations at our level of technological development go extinct before becoming capable of running many detailed simulations of their forebears; (2) the fraction of posthuman civilizations interested in running such simulations is almost zero; or (3) we are almost certainly living in a computer simulation. Bostrom argues that if the first two propositions are unlikely, then the third proposition—that we are living in a simulation—becomes highly probable, thus challenging our perceptions of reality.